Spleen problems can range from mild to serious, affecting the organ’s ability to filter blood, fight infections, and store blood cells. Common symptoms of spleen issues include pain or tenderness in the left side of your abdomen, feeling full after eating a small amount, or unexplained weight loss.
Conditions like an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), spleen rupture, or infections can lead to these symptoms.
That’s why we’ve created this spleen problems guide to help you identify the symptoms and causes and explore potential treatment options.
What is the Spleen’s Role in the Body
The spleen has many roles, it filters blood and recycles iron. It’s part of the immune system, balances blood cells and supports immunity.
A balanced diet and healthy lifestyle can support spleen function and reduce the risk of problems and boost immunity.
Location and Size
The spleen is located on the upper left side of the abdomen, behind the left ribs and next to the stomach. It’s usually the size of a human fist, a small but vital organ.
Spleen Functions in the Immune System
One of the spleen’s functions is to regulate the levels of different blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It manages the life cycle of red blood cells, removes healthy blood cells from circulation.
This ensures only healthy blood cells are in the bloodstream which is important to prevent anemia and other blood disorders.
The spleen filters blood, removes aged or damaged red blood cells and recycles iron to produce new ones.
Spleen Problems
Spleen problems can manifest in many forms each with its own challenges. Common conditions are enlarged spleen, ruptured spleen and spleen pain. These can be caused by infections, liver diseases and blood disorders like sickle cell anemia.
Symptoms often include spleen pain which can feel like fullness after eating little food, dull or sharp pain under the left rib cage and pain that radiates to the left shoulder.
Here are some common spleen problems:
- Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
- Ruptured spleen
- Spleen pain
Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)
Splenomegaly or enlarged spleen can be caused by many factors. Blood clots can block the blood flow and lead to complications like enlarged spleen. Common causes are infections, liver disease and blood disorders. Abdominal pain and fatigue can be symptoms.
Frequent infections and easy bleeding may also be present. Diagnosis is through imaging tests like ultrasound and CT scans and blood tests.
If left untreated an enlarged spleen can lead to rupture which is a medical emergency.
Ruptured Spleen
A ruptured spleen is a serious condition caused by forceful blows to the abdomen, car accidents, sporting accidents and rib fractures. Symptoms are intense abdominal pain, dizziness and signs of shock which may indicate a damaged or ruptured spleen.
A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency because of the risk of bleeding into the abdominal cavity which can be life threatening.
If someone suspects they have ruptured or damaged their spleen they need to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment usually requires emergency surgery and several days of hospitalization.
Spleen Pain
Spleen pain is usually felt behind the left rib cage. It may indicate spleen problems. This pain can be due to damage, rupture or enlargement of the spleen.
Conditions like infections and blood disorders are common causes of spleen pain.
Common Spleen Pain Symptoms
Spleen pain typically occurs in the upper left abdomen and may radiate to the left shoulder. Symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause but commonly include:
In advanced cases, an enlarged spleen can be physically felt as a lump in the upper left abdominal area.
This is the most common symptom and may be dull, sharp, or throbbing. It can worsen after eating, engaging in physical activity, or taking a deep breath.
An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) can press against the stomach, causing early satiety, even when consuming small amounts of food.
Pain may radiate to the left shoulder due to irritation of the diaphragm, a condition known as Kehr’s sign.
Pressing on the area may cause significant discomfort or sharp pain.
A malfunctioning spleen can impact red blood cell levels, leading to persistent fatigue and weakness.
Since the spleen plays a role in immune defense, its dysfunction may result in recurring infections and a weakened immune response.
The spleen helps store platelets, and its issues can disrupt blood clotting, leading to easy bruising and prolonged bleeding.
Infections affecting the spleen may cause systemic symptoms like fever, chills, and night sweats.
Chronic spleen issues may lead to unintended weight loss due to a combination of metabolic changes and appetite suppression.
Causes and Risk Factors
Many factors can contribute to spleen problems including infections, liver diseases and genetic disorders. Bacterial infections like syphilis and endocarditis, viral infections like mononucleosis and parasitic infections like malaria can all affect the spleen.
Spleen pain can result from various conditions, including infections, injuries, and underlying health issues. Below are the most common causes:
1. Infections
- Mononucleosis: Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, this infection often leads to spleen enlargement and tenderness.
- Malaria: A parasitic infection common in certain regions, malaria can cause spleen swelling and potential damage.
- Bacterial Infections: Conditions like sepsis, endocarditis, and abscesses can impact spleen function and cause pain.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV): This virus can trigger spleen enlargement and other systemic symptoms.
2. Injuries and Trauma
- Blunt Abdominal Trauma: Accidents or sports injuries can cause spleen rupture, a medical emergency characterized by sudden, severe pain.
- Penetrating Injuries: Stab wounds or gunshot injuries may directly damage the spleen.
3. Blood Disorders
- Hemolytic Anemia: Accelerated destruction of red blood cells can burden the spleen, causing it to enlarge and become painful.
- Sickle Cell Disease: Abnormal red blood cells can block blood flow to the spleen, leading to damage and discomfort.
- Thalassemia: This genetic disorder may cause chronic spleen enlargement.
4. Cancer and Tumors
- Lymphoma: Cancer affecting the lymphatic system can involve the spleen, causing enlargement and discomfort.
- Leukemia: Blood cancers can lead to spleen enlargement and affect blood cell production.
- Metastatic Tumors: Secondary cancers can spread to the spleen, causing pain and dysfunction.
5. Autoimmune Diseases
- Lupus: This condition can cause inflammation and affect the spleen, leading to discomfort and swelling.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: Advanced cases may involve spleen inflammation as part of Felty’s syndrome.
6. Liver Diseases
- Cirrhosis: Liver scarring can cause portal hypertension, leading to spleen enlargement and associated pain.
- Hepatitis: Chronic liver inflammation may indirectly affect spleen function.
7. Splenic Infarction
A blockage in the blood vessels supplying the spleen can cause tissue death, resulting in severe pain and potential complications.
Diagnosing Spleen Problems
Diagnosing spleen problems involves several clinical methods including physical examination, imaging tests and blood tests.
These methods will help identify the presence and extent of spleen problems and will guide treatment.
Physical Examination
Doctors check for spleen enlargement by gently pressing on the left upper abdomen during physical exam. They use palpation and percussion to check for spleen enlargement starting from the right lower quadrant.
If the spleen is not felt during the initial exam the patient may be repositioned on their right side to feel it.
Imaging Tests
Imaging tests like ultrasound and CT scans are necessary to assess the structure and size of the spleen. These tests will show abnormalities and will diagnose an enlarged spleen.
Blood Tests
Blood tests will check for red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets which can indicate spleen problems. A complete blood count is necessary to check the levels of these healthy red blood cells when diagnosing spleen conditions.
Biopsy
In rare cases, a tissue sample may be taken to check for cancer or other conditions.
Bone Marrow Tests
These may be necessary to investigate blood disorders that affect spleen function.
Treatment for Spleen Conditions
Treatment for spleen conditions depends on the condition and its severity, addressing the underlying cause. Treatment may be medication, monitoring or in severe cases surgery like splenectomy.
Medication and Monitoring
Non surgical treatment may be antibiotics for infections and other forms of therapy based on the condition.
Splenectomy (Spleen Removal)
Damage, disease or enlargement of the spleen may require splenectomy. Surgery is needed for an enlarged spleen if complications are severe. It may also be necessary if the cause is unknown.
Take precautions to prevent blood clotting especially through exercises and blood thinning injections during recovery.
Splenectomy can be done through laparoscopy or open surgery.
Post-Splenectomy Care
After splenectomy, expect some soreness and bruising but normal eating and drinking can be resumed immediately after the operation.
Recovery usually takes a few weeks and vaccinations are necessary to prevent increased risk of infection.
Life Without Spleen
Living without a spleen affects the immune system and overall health and requires precautions such as vaccinations and infection monitoring.
Liver Compensatory Functions
After the spleen is removed the liver can take over some of its functions. These compensatory functions are important for blood filtration and immune support in the body.
Infection Risks and Prevention
Without a spleen, individuals are at higher risk of serious infections due to lack of filtration. Vaccinations and antibiotics can reduce the risk of infections.
If an infection occurs, seek medical attention immediately.
Spleen Prevention
Preventing spleen problems means a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups and being aware of risk factors.
These will support spleen health and complications.
While not all spleen disorders can be prevented, you can take steps to maintain spleen health:
Vaccinations
Ensure you are up to date with vaccines, especially after spleen removal, to prevent severe infections.
Avoid Contact Sports
Protect your abdomen to prevent spleen injuries and complications.
Healthy Choices
A balanced BBBE diet with fruits and vegetables will support overall spleen health. Regular exercise will promote healthy metabolism and will support the spleen’s functions.
Regular Checkups
Regular checkups will help detect spleen related health problems early, evaluations by healthcare providers is important for early detection.
Risk Factors
Being aware of personal and family medical history will help identify individuals at risk for spleen problems. Preventive measures such as healthy lifestyle and regular checkups will support spleen health.
Spleen Complications
Complications of spleen problems:
- Increased risk of infections
- Internal bleeding
- Blood disorders
- Long term effects on the immune system
When to See a Doctor
Persistent upper left abdominal pain, signs of infection, easy bruising, severe fatigue frequent infections or unexplained weight loss requires medical attention for low blood pressure.
Consult with medical professionals early to prevent complications.
Spleen FAQs
Many have questions about spleen problems here are some of the most asked:
Can you live without a spleen
Yes, you can live without a spleen. But living without a spleen will affect your immune system and health so precautions must be taken.
How is spleen problem diagnosed
Spleen problems are diagnosed through physical examination, ultrasound and CT scan and blood tests.
How long is the recovery after spleen surgery
Recovery from splenectomy takes a few weeks. Patients will experience soreness and bruising and must follow post surgery instructions including vaccinations.
Is spleen problem hereditary?
Some spleen problems are hereditary. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and hereditary spherocytosis will increase the risk of developing spleen problems.
When to see a doctor about your spleen?
See a doctor if you have persistent upper left abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever, chills), easy bruising, severe fatigue or unexplained weight loss.
Key Takeaways
- The spleen filters blood, recycles iron and supports immunity so a healthy lifestyle is key to its function.
- Common spleen problems are splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), ruptured spleen and spleen pain which is often linked to infections and liver diseases.
- Preventing spleen problems is about healthy living, regular checkups and being aware of the risk factors, complications are increased infection risk and internal bleeding.
